Modern blast furnace ironmaking technology: potentials to meet the demand of high hot metal production and lower energy consumption

Authors

  • Elsayed Mousa Researcher Scientist at Process Metallurgy Department, Swerim AB, SE-971 25 Luleå, Box 812 Sweden

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30544/414

Keywords:

blast furnace, CO2 emission, energy saving, top charging, tuyeres injection, waste heat recovery

Abstract

Iron and steel making is one of the most intense energy consuming in the industrial sectors. The intensive utilization of fossil carbon in the ironmaking blast furnace (BF) is related directly to CO2 emission and global warming. Lowering the energy consumption and CO2 emission from BF comes on the top priorities from both economic and environmental aspects. The BF has undergone tremendous modifications and development to increase production and improve the overall efficiency. Both technological development and scientific research drive one another to reach optimum operation conditions, which are very close to the ideal conditions; however, further development is still required to meet the stringent environmental regulations. The present article provides a comprehensive review of recent research and development which were carried out in modern blast furnace to increase the productivity meanwhile reduce the energy consumption and CO2 emission to meet the demand of steel market and the environmental protection. The recent technological and metallurgical improvements in the BF are intensively discussed including: (i) modifications of BF design, top charging and measuring system, (ii) upgrading of conventional top charging burden and alternative agglomerates, (iii) developing of tuyeres injection system and injected materials, and (iv) potentials of waste heat recovery and usage. These topics are reviewed and discussed in some details to elucidate the potential of recent progress in BF technology in saving the energy consumption and lowering CO2 emission. In this paper, the major research and development which have been carried out in ironmaking BF technology are reviewed with an overview of the future prospects.

References

World Steel Association, "World steel in figures 2018", Link . Accessed 31 December 2018.

World Steel Association, "World crude steel output increases by 5.3% in 2017" Link. Accessed 31 December 2018.

R. Haslehner, B. Stelter, N. Osio, "Steel as a Model for a Sustainable Metal Industry in 2050, Industrial Products & Processes, Sustainability", Link. Accessed 09 December 2016.

World Steel Association, "Steel's contribution to a low carbon future and climate resilient societies",

Link.

Accessed 27 November 2018.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Libk. Accessed 09 December 2016.

V. Shatokha: Journal of Sustainable Development, 5 (2016) 289-300.

Crossreff

European 20-20-20 Targets, RECS International, Link. Accessed 10 December 2016.

American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), Link. Accessed 10 December 2016.

World Steel Association. Resource efficiency,

Link. Accessed 10 December 2016.

A. Babich , D. Senk, HW Gudenau, KT Mavrommatis: Handbook of Ironmaking. 1st edition, Wissenschaftsverlag Mainz; 2008, II-1-12.

A. Ghosh, A. Chatterjee: Ironmaking and Steelmaking, theory and Practice, 2 ed., PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi, 2008, 24-38.

POSCO ignites the largest BF in the world,

Link. Accessed 20 December 2016.

P. Kowitwarangkul, Mini BF concept for Thailand conditions, M.Sc Thesis, RWTH Aachen University, 2009.

J.-M. Steiler, E. Hess, In: Proceeding 4th International Congress of Science and Technology of Ironmaking (ICSTI), Osaka, ISIJ, 2006, p.10.

K. Mülheims, M. Peters and H. B. Lüngen, In: Proceeding 3rd International Conference on Science and Technology of Ironmaking (ICSTI), Dusseldorf, Stahl-Institut VDEh,Verlag Stahleisen, 2003, p.1.

M. Peters, H. B. Lüngen: In: Proceeding 3rd International Conference on Science and Technology of Ironmaking (ICSTI), Dusseldorf, Stahl-Institut VDEh,Verlag Stahleisen, 2003, p.33.

S. Seetharaman: Treatise on process metallurgy, Industrial processes, vol. 3, part A, 1st ed., Elsevier Ltd, 2014, p. 1810.

Crossreff

I. Carmichael, C. Thirion, R. Goffin, In: Proceeding of the Iron and Steel Technology Conference (AISTech), Cleveland, Ohio, Association for Iron & Steel Technology, 2006, p 391.

Clean Coal Technology, BF granular coal injection system, Linkba. Accessed 21 December 2016.

J. Zetterholm, X. Ji, B. Sundelin, P.M. Martin, C. Wang: Energy Procedia, 75 (2015) 1758-1765.

Crossreff

C. Wang, J. Karlsson, L. Hooey, A. Boden, In: Proceeding World Renewable Energy Congress, Linköping, Linköpping University Electronic Press; Linköpings Universitet, 2011, p. 1537.

J. Rieger, C. Weiss, B. Rummer: Journal of Cleaner Production, 88 (2015) 254-261.

Crossreff

D. Senk, P. Schmöle: Basic master course lecture "Metallurgy and Recycling", RWTH Aachen, IEHK, Ferrous Metallurgy Department, WS 2009/2010.

P. Lacroix, G. Dauwels, P. Dufresne: Revue de Métallurgie, 98 (2001) 259-268.

Crossreff

A. Podkorytov, A. Kuznetsov, E. Dymchenko: Metallurgist, 53 (2009) 322-328.

Crossreff

L. Nikitin, M. Mar'yasov, V. Gorbachev: Metallurgist, 43 (1999), 30-33.

Crossreff

A. Babich, D. Senk, S. Yaroshevskiy, In: Proceeding of 3rd International Conference on Process Development in Iron and Steelmaking (SCANMET III), Lulea, MEFOS, 2008, p. 227.

A. Babich, D. Senk, H.W. Gudenau: Ironmaking and Steelmaking, 36 (2009) 222-229.

Crossreff

E.A. Mousa, D. Senk, A. Babich: Steel research international 81 (2010) 706-715.

Crossreff

E.A. Mousa, D. Senk, A. Babich, In: Proceeding 8th Int. European Coke and Ironmaking Congress (ECIC), Düsseldorf, VDEh, 2011.

E.A. Mousa: Reduction of iron ore burden materials mixed with nut coke under simulated BF conditions, PhD Thesis, RWTH Aachen University, Shaker Verlag, Aachen, 2010.

E.A. Mousa, A. Babich, D. Senk: ISIJ Int., 51 (2011) 350-358.

Crossreff

S. Watakabe, K. Takeda, H. Nishimura: ISIJ Int. 46 (2006) 513-522.

Crossreff

S. Yaroshevskii, V. Nozdrachev, A. Chebotarev: Metallurgist, 44 (2000) 598-605.

Crossreff

A. Kasai, Y. Matsui: ISIJ Int., 44 (2004) 2073-2078.

Crossreff

A. Babich, Internet Lecture on Coke Quality for Modern Blast Furnace, Link. Accessed 20 September 2010.

Q. Song: Effect of nut coke on the performance of the ironmaking BF, PhD Thesis, Delft University of Technology, 2013. ISBN: 97890-6562-324-9

K. Kundvist, M. Brämming, J. Riesbeck, A. Wedholm: Chemical Engineering Transactions, 45 (2015) 739 744.

R. Robinsson, L. Sundqvist, In: Proceeding METEC Congress 2003, 3rd Int. Conference on Science and Technology of Ironmaking, Düsseldorf, VDEh, 2003, p. 370.

L. Sundqvist, K.O. Jonsson, H.O. Lampinen, L.E. Eriksson, In: Proceeding of Committee on Raw Materials- Seminar, Brussels, IISI 1999, p. 44.

CO2 efficiency, Link. Accessed 16 February 2019.

A. Andersson, M. Andersson, E. Mousa, A. Kullerstedt, H. Ahmed, B. Björkman, L.S Sundqvist-Ökvist:

Metals, 8 (2018), 1-13.

E. Mousa, H. Ahmed, C. Wang: ISIJ Int., 57 (2017) 1788-1796.

Crossreff

E.A. Mousa. C. Chuan: Technical report MEF16047K, Swerea-MEFOS, Luleå, September 2016.

K. Takeda, T. Anyashiki, T. Sato, T. Yamamoto, S. Watakabe, M. Sato, In: Proceeding METEC InSteel Conf., Dusseldorf, VDEh, 2011.

A. Chatterjee: Sponge Iron Production by Direct Reduction of Iron Oxide, 1st ed., PHI Learning, Private Limited, New Delhi, 2010, 82-176.

H. Ahmed: Minerals 8 (2018) 1-20

Crossreff

T. Ariyama, R. Murai, M. Sato: ISIJ Int. 45 (2005) 1371-1378.

Crossreff

D.V. Kovalev, N.D. Vanukova: Metallurgical and Mining Industry, 4 (2012) 22-25.

Y. Ujisawa, K. Nakano, Y. Matsukura, K. Sunahra, S. Komatsu, T. Yamamoto: ISIJ Int., 45 (2005) 1379-1385.

Crossreff

M. Naito, K. Yamaguchi, Y. Inoue, A. Okamoto, T. Yamaguchi: Nippon Steel Technical Report, No. 94, 2006, p. 103.

A. Kasai, Y. Matsui: ISIJ Int., 44 (2004) 2073-2078.

Crossreff

M. Kawanari, A. Matsumoto, R. Ashida, K. Miura: ISIJ Int., 51 (2011) 1227-1233.

Crossreff

S. Ueda, K. Yanagiya, K. Watanabe, T. Murakami, R. Inoue, T. Ariyama: ISIJ Int., 49 (2009) 1505-1512.

Crossreff

H. Mizoguchi, H. Suzuki, S. Hayashi: ISIJ Int., 51 (2011) 1247-1254.

Crossreff

Y. Tanaka, T. Ueno, K. Okumura, S. Hayashi: ISIJ Int., 51 (2011) 1240-1246.

Crossreff

H. Yokoyama, K. Higuchi, T. Ito, A. Oshio: ISIJ Int., 52 (2012) 2000-2006.

Crossreff

S. Machida, H. Sato, K. Takeda: JEF Technical report, No. 13, May 2009, p.7.

C. Biswas, M.G. Chaudhuri, R. Dey: Ironmaking and Steelmaking, 44 (2017) 762-772.

Crossreff

E. Mousa, M. Lundgren, L.S. Ökvist, L-E. From, A. Robels, S. Hällsten, B. Sundelin, H. Friberg, A. El-Tawil: Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy, Published online 06 June 2019. Crossreff . Accessed 11 June 2019.

E.A. Mousa, C. Wang, J. Riesbeck, M. Larsson: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 65 (2016) 1247-1266.

Crossreff

A. Babich, D. Senk, M. Fernandez: ISIJ Int., 50 (2010) 81-8.

Crossreff

S. Arnsfeld, A. Babich, D. Senk, In: Proceeding 4th Int. Conf. on Process Development in Iron and Steelmaking (SCANMET IV), 10-13 June 2012, Luleå, MEFOS, Vol. 1, p. 639.

K. Ohno, A. Babich, J. Mitsue, T. Maeda, D. Senk, H.W. Gudenau, M. Shimizu: ISIJ Int., 52 (2012) 1482-1488.

Crossreff

A. Babich, D. Senk: ISIJ Int., 52 (2012) 779-787.

Crossreff

J. Mathieson, H. Rogers, M. Somerville, P. Ridgeway, S. Jahanshahi: In: Proceedings of 6th European coke and ironmaking, Düsseldorf, VDEh, 2011.

H. Suopajärvi, T. Fabritius: Sustainability, 5 (2013) 1188-07.

Crossreff

S. Jahanshahi, A. Deev, N. Haque, L. Lu, J. Mathieson, T. Norgate, P. Ridgeway, H. Rogers, M. Sommerville, H. Zughbi, P. Zulli: Recent progress in R & D on use sustainable biomass/designer chars for steel production. In: Proceeding of Innovation of Ironmaking Technologies and Future International Collaboration - to Overcome Energy & Resource Restrictions in Accordance with Environments, Tokyo, JSPS, Japan, 2014.

T. Norgate, N. Haque, M. Somerville, S. Jahanshahi: ISIJ Int., 52 (2012) 1472-1481.

Crossreff

G. Fick, O. Mirgaux, P. Neau, F. Patisson: Waste Biomass Valorization, 5 (2014) 43-55.

Crossreff

W. Wei, P. Mellin, W. Yang, C. Wang, A. Hultgren, H. Salman: "Utilization of biomass for blast furnace in Sweden - Report I: Biomass availability and upgrading technologies". Link. Accessed 11 February 2015.

T. Norgate, D. Langberg: ISIJ Int., 49 (2009) 587-95.

Crossreff

F. Hanrot, D. Sert, J. Delinchant, R. Pietruck, T. Bürgler, A. Babich, M. Fernández, R. Alvarez, M.A. Diez: In: Proceeding of 1st Spanish National Conference on Advances in Materials Recycling and Eco-Energy, Madrid, 2009.

F. Hanrot, D. Sert, A. Babich, R. Pitruck, M. Fernandez, M.A. Diez, T. Bürgler, J. Delinchant-Lété: Contract no. RFSR-CT- 2005-00001, 2008.

E.A. Mousa, A. Babich, D. Senk In: Proceeding METEC & 2nd ESTAD, Düsseldorf, VDEh, 2015.

S. Ueda, K. Yanagiya, K. Watanabe, T. Murakami, R. Inoue, T. Ariyama: ISIJ Int., 49 (2009) 1505-1512.

Crossreff

H. Mizoguchi, H. Suzuki, S. Hayashi: ISIJ Int., 51 (2011) 1247-54.

Crossreff

H.M. Ahmed, N. Viswanathan, B. Bjorkman: Steel Research Int., 85 (2014) 293-306.

Crossreff

P. Kowitwarangkul, A. Babich, D. Senk: Steel Research Int., 85 (2014) 1501-1509.

Crossreff

P. Kowitwarangkul, A. Babich, D. Senk: In: Proceeding of the Iron and Steel Techology Conference and Exposition (AISTech), Indiana, Association for Iron & Steel Technology 2014.

Y. Ueki, R. Yoshiie, I. Naruse, K. Ohno, T. Maeda, K. Nishioka, M. Shimizu: Fuel, 104 (2013) 58-61.

Crossreff

V. Strezov: Renewable Energy, 31 (2006) 1892-1905.

Crossreff

P. Bennett, T. Fukushima: In: Proceedings 12th International Conference on Coal Science (ICCS), Cairns, Queensland, Carins Qld, 2003.

S.K. Sarna: Crossreff. Accessed 29 February 2016.

L. Juniper L, G. Schumacher: Advances in pulverized fuel technology: understanding coal comminution, combustion and ash deposition. The Coal Handbook: Towards Cleaner Production, Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013, 312-352.

Crossreff

K. Ishii: Advanced Pulverized Coal Injection Technology and BF Operation, 1st ed, Elsevier Science, Oxford, UK, Pergamon, 2000, 63-82.

T. Kamijou, M. Shimizu: PC combustion in BF. In: Ishii K, editor. Advanced pulverized coal injection technology and BF operation. Netherlands: Pergamon; 2000. pp. 63-82.

Crossreff

M. Greedes, H. Toxopeus, C. van der Vliet: Modern BF Ironmaking-an introduction, 2nd ed., IOS Press BV, Netherland, 2009, 93-114.

J.G. Mathieson, J.S. Truelove, H. Rogers: Fuel 84 (2005) 1229-1237.

Crossreff

R. Schott: Iron and Steel Technology, 10 (2013) 63-75.

E. Raask: Mineral Impurities in Coal Combustion: Behavior, Problems, and Remedial Measures, Textbook, CRC Press, 1985, 484p.

L. Lu, V. Sahajwalla, D. Harris: Energy Fuels, 14 (2000) 869-876.

Crossreff

E. Worrel, P. Blinde, M. Neelis, E. Blomen, E. Masanet: "Energy efficiency improvement and cost saving opportunities for the U.S. iron and steel industry", LBNL-Report, United States Environmental Protection Agency. Link. Accessed 05 February 2016.

O. Lingiardi, O. Burrai, C. Partemio, F. Giandoménico, P. Etchevarne, J.M. Gonzalez, In: Proceeding 1st Inter. Meeting on Ironmaking, Belo Horizonte / MB-Brazil, 2001.

M. Jampani, P.C. Pistorius, In: Proceedings of the Iron & Steel Technology Conference (AISTech), Indianapolis, Indiana, Association for Iron & Steel Technology, 2014.

K.S. Abdel Halim: Materials Letters 61 (2007) 3281-3286.

Crossreff

K.S. Abdel Halim, V.N. Andronov, M.I. Nasr: Ironmaking and Steelmaking 36 (2009) 12-18.

Crossreff

G. Wingrowe, D. Satchell, B. Keeman, C. Aswegen. In: Proceeding of Gasification Technologies Conference, San Francisco, California, 1999.

ULCOS Process. Link. Accessed 25 December 2016.

J.P. Birat, In: Proceeding 1st Int. Conf. on Energy Efficiency and CO2 Reduction in the Steel Industry, Düsseldorf, VDEh, 2011.

G. Danloy, J. Stel, P. Schmöle. In: Proceedings of the 4th ULCOS Seminar, 1-2 October 2008, SP10-Top Gas Recycling BF.

Link. Accessed 03 June 2011.

Van der Stel. In: Proceeding Scrap Substitutes and Alternative Ironmaking V, Baltimore, USA, 2008.

Z. Guangqing, A. Hirsch: La Revue de Metallurgie, CIT, September 2009 387-392.

P. Diemer, H.J. Killich, K. Knop, H.B. Lüngen, M. Reinke, P. Schmöle. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Meeting on Ironmaking/1st International Symposium on Iron Ore, Vitoria, Brazil, 2004.

P. Diemer, K. Knop, H.B. Lüngen, M. Reinke, C. Wuppermann: Stahl und Eisen 127 (2007) 19-24.

N. Spirin, V. Shvidkiy, Y. Yaroshenko, Y. Gordon. In: Proceeding of METEC & ESTAD, Düsseldorf, VDEh, 2015.

Z. Yang, Y. Zhang, X. Wang, Y. Zhang, X. Lu, W. Ding: Energy & Fuels, 24 (2010) 785-788.

Crossreff

I.G. Tovarovskii, A.E. Merkulov: Steel in Translation, 41 (2011) 499-510.

Crossreff

E. Proface, S. Pivot: In: Proceeding METEC InSteelCon 2011, Düsseldorf, VDEh, 2011.

S. Matsuzaki, K. Higuchi, A. Shinotake, K. Saito. In: Proceeding International Congress on the Science and Technology of Ironmaking (ICSTI) Brazilian Metallurgical, Rio de Janeiro, Materials and Mining Association (ABM), 2012.

M. Miwa, H. Okuda, M. Osame, S. Watakabe, K. Saito. In: Procedding METEC InSteelCon 2011, Proc 1st International Conference on Energy Efficiency and CO2 Reduction in the Steel Industry, Düsseldorf, VDEh, 2011.

E.A. Mousa, A. Babich, D. Senk: ISIJ Int. 53 (2013) 1372-1380.

Crossreff

E.A. Mousa, A. Babich, D. Senk: Steel Research International 84 (2013)1085-1097.

Crossreff

E.A. Mousa, A. Babich, D. Senk. In: Proceeding 1st ESTAD & 31st JSI Steel Industry Conference, Paris, JSI, 2014.

E.A. Mousa, A. Babich, D. Senk: Metallurgical and Materials Transaction B, 45B (2014) 617-628.

Crossreff

P. Hellberg, T.L.I. Jonsson, P.G. Jönsson: Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy 34 (2005) 269-275.

Crossreff

P. Hellberg, T.L.I. Jonsson, P.G. Jönsson, D.Y. Sheng. In: Proceeding 4th International Conference on CFD in the Oil and Gas, Metallurgical & Process Industries SINTEF / NTNU Trondheim, 2005.

H. Nogami, Y. Kashiwaya, D. Yamada: ISIJ Int. 52 (2012) 1523-1527.

Crossreff

P.E. Kovalenko, A.P. Chebotarev, V.F. Pashinskii, V.M. Zamuruev, I.G. Tovarovskii, N.G. Boiko, P.V. Plevako, B.S. Trunov: Metallurgist 33 (1989) 169-170.

Crossreff

T.H. Bürgler, G. Braunnbauer, A. Ferstl: Stahl und Eisen, 124 (2004) 39-42.

United State Environmental Protection Agency: "Available and emerging technologies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the iron and steel industry". Link. Accessed 24 February 2016.

M. Asanuma, K. Terada, T. Inoguchi, N. Takashima: JFE Technical Report, 2014, p. 110.

The Industrial Efficiency Technology Database, BF system.

Link. Accessed 09 February 2016.

A.M. Carpenter: Injection of coal and waste plastics in BFs. IEA Clean Coal Centre, March 2010.

E. Taibi, D. Gielen, M. Bazillian: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16 (2012) 735-44.

Crossreff

S. Ladanai, J. Vinterbäck: Global potential of sustainable biomass for energy. Department of Energy and Technology, Report 13, 2009, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.

C. Wang, M. Larsson, J. Lövgren, L. Nilsson L, P. Mellin, W. Yang, H. Salman, A. Hultgren: Energy Procedia, 61 (2014) 2184-2187.

Crossreff

C. Wang, P. Mellin, J. Lövgren, W. Yang, H. Salman, A. Hultgren, M. Larsson: Energy Conversion and Management, 102 (2015) 217-226.

Crossreff

J.G. Mathieson, H. Rogers, M.A. Somerville, S. Jahanshahi: ISIJ Int., 52 (2012) 1489-1496.

Crossreff

C. Feliciano-Bruzual, J.A. Mathews: Revista de Metalurgia, 49 (2013) 458-468.

Crossreff

H. Suopajärvi, K. Umeki, E. Mousa, A. Hedayati, H. Romar, A. Kemppainen, C. Wang, A. Phounglamcheik, S. Tuomikoski, N. Norberg, A. Andefors, M. Öhman, U. Lassi, T. Fabritius: Use of biomass in integrated steelmaking - Status quo, future needs and comparison to other low-CO2 steel production technologies, Applied Energy 213 (2018) 384-407.

Crossreff

Frost and Sullivan: "Waste heat recovery opportunities in selected US industries", ©Frost & Sullivan 2010. Link . Accessed 23 February 2019.

Z. Xipeng, Z. Shouhang: The prospect of sensible heat recovery of BF slag, The 7th China Iron and Steel annual meeting proceedings, Beijing, 2009.

D. Bellqvist: Report No. MEF12090K, Swerea MEFOS, 2012.

H. Lu: Capturing the invisible resource: analysis of waste heat potential in Chinese industry and policy options for waste heat to power generation, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2015.

Crossreff

Waste heat recovery. Link. Accessed 05 December 2016.

Oak Ridge National Laboratory: "Characterization of the U.S. industrial/commercial boiler population, p. ES4. 2005. Link. Accessed 14 June 2019.

Waste Heat Recovery: "Technology and opportunities in U.S. industry prepared by BCS, Incorporated March 2008". Link .

Accessed 14 December 2016.

Crossreff

C. Wang, D. Bellqvist, L. Nilsson, P. Ivashechkin, V. Reimer, R. Rato, C. Guillon, V. Weber, J.J. Arribas: Energy Procedia, 61 (2014) 2188-2191.

Crossreff

N. Pardo, J.A. Moya: Energy, 54 (2013) 113-128.

Crossreff

M. Barati, S. Esfahani, T.A. Utigard: Energy 36 (2011) 5440-5449.

Crossreff

A. Werner, I. Mcdonald, A. Fleischanderl. In: Proceeding 7th European Coke and Ironmaking Congress, Linz, ASMET, 2016.

Y. Qin, X. Lv, C. Bai, G. Qiu, P. Chen: JOM, 64 (2012) 997-1001.

Crossreff

H. Zhang, H. Wang, X. Zhu, Y.J. Qiu, K. Li, R. Chen, Q. Liao: Applied Energy, 11 (2013) 956-966.

Crossreff

H. Kappes, D. Michels. In: Proceeding METEC & 2nd ESTAD Cof., Düsseldorf, VDEh, 2015.

Y. Sun, Z. Zhang, L. Liu, X. Wang: Energies, 8 (2015) 1917-1935.

Crossreff

Y. Sun, Z. Zhang, S. Seetharaman, L. Liua, X. Wang: RSC Adv., 4 (2014) 62105-62114.

Crossreff

S. Luo, Y. Zhou, C. Yi: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37 (2012)1508-15085.

Crossreff

G. Li, H. Zhang, H. NI, M. Guo: In: Proceeding 3rd International Slag Valorisation Symposium, Leuven, KU Leuven, 2013.

Downloads

Published

2019-07-02

How to Cite

Mousa, Elsayed. 2019. “Modern Blast Furnace Ironmaking Technology: Potentials to Meet the Demand of High Hot Metal Production and Lower Energy Consumption”. Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 25 (2):69-104. https://doi.org/10.30544/414.

Issue

Section

Review