Ball milled bauxite residue as a reinforcing filler in phosphate-based intumescent system
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30544/244353Keywords:
bauxite residue, ball milling, intumescent, reinforcing filler, ceramic phosphateAbstract
Bauxite residue (BR) is an alumina refinery waste with a global disposal problem. Of the 120 MT generated annually, only 3 MT is disposed via utilization. One of the significant challenges to sustainable utilization has been found to be the cost of processing. In this work, using ball milling, we achieved material modification of bauxite residue. Spectrometric imaging with FESEM showed the transformation from an aggregate structure to nano, platy particulates, leading to particle size homogeneity. BET analysis showed surface area was increased by 23%, while pH was reduced from 10.8 to 9.1 due to collapsing of the hydroxyl surface by the fracturing action of the ball mill. Incorporation of this into a phosphate-based fire retardant, intumescent formulation led to improved material dispersion and the formation of reinforcing heat shielding char nodules. XRD revealed the formation of ceramic metal phosphates which acted as an additional heat sink to the intumescent system, thereby reducing char oxidation and heat transfer to the substrate. Steel substrate temperature from a Bunsen burner test reduced by 33%. Therefore, ball milling can serve as a simple, low-cost processing route for the reuse of bauxite residue in intumescent composites.
References
Y. Liu, R. Naidu: Waste Manage, 34 (2014) 2662-2673.
C. Klauber, M. Gräfe, G. Power: Hydrometallurgy, 108, (2011) 11-32.
A. I. Arogundade, P. S. M. B. Megat-Yussof, F. Ahmad, A. H. Bhat: ARPN J Eng Appl Sci, 11 (2016) 12165-12169.
J.-w. Gu, G.-c. Zhang, S.-l. Dong, Q.-y. Zhang, J. Kong: Surf Coat Technol, 201 (2007) 7835-7841.
H. Aziz, F. Ahmad, P. S. M. B. M. Yusoff, M. Zia-ul-Mustafa: MATEC Web Conf, 13 (2014) 04013.
B. Rimez, H. Rahier, M. Biesemans, S. Bourbigot, B. Van Mele: Polym Degrad Stab, 121 (2015) 321-330.
T. C. Santini: Int J Miner Process, 139 (2015) 1-10.
F. Delogu, G. Gorrasi, A. Sorrentino: Prog Mater Sci, 86 (2017) 75-126.
R. Hamzaoui, F. Muslim, S. Guessasma, A. Bennabi, J. Guillin: Powder Technol, 271 (2015) 228-237.
M. Gomez-Mares, A. Tugnoli, G. Landucci, F. Barontini, V. Cozzani: J Anal Appl Pyrolysis, 97 (2012) 99-108.
G. Marosi, A. Marton, A. Szep, I. Csontos, S. Keszei, E. Zimonyi, et al.: Polym Degrad Stab, 82 (2003) 379-385.
W. Tang, S. Zhang, J. Sun, H. Li, X. Liu, X. Gu: Thermochim Acta, 648 (2017) 1-12.
X. Yuan, S. Liu, G. Feng, Y. Liu, Y. Li, H. Lu, et al.: Korean J Chem Eng, 33 (2016) 2134-2141.
E. Leonel, E. Nassar, K. Ciuffi, M. dos Reis, P. Calefi: Cerâmica, 60 (2014) 267-272,.
S. Ullah, F. Ahmad: Polym Degrad Stab, 103 (2014) 49-62.
Downloads
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their published articles online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website, social networks like ResearchGate or Academia), as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Except where otherwise noted, the content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
According to the 